Sinusitis in Children

Sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses. These infections often happen after a cold or with allergies. There are 3 types of sinusitis:

• Short-term (acute). Symptoms of this type of infection last less than 12 weeks and get better with the correct treatment.
• Long-term (chronic). These symptoms last longer than 12 weeks.
• Recurrent. This means the infection comes back again and again. It means 3 or more episodes of acute sinusitis in a year.

The sinuses are air-filled spaces (cavities) near the nose. They are lined with mucous membranes. There are 4 different sinuses:

• Ethmoid sinus. Located around the bridge of the nose. This sinus is present at birth, and continues to grow.
• Maxillary sinus. Located around the cheeks. This sinus is also present at birth, and continues to grow.
• Frontal sinus. Located in the area of the forehead. This sinus does not develop until around age 7.
• Sphenoid sinus. Located deep behind the nose. This sinus does not develop until the teen years.

When the sinuses are blocked with discharge, bacteria may start to grow. This leads to a sinus infection or sinusitis.

The most common bacteria that cause acute sinusitis include:

• Streptococcus pneumonia
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Moraxella catarrhalis 

These are the most common symptoms of sinusitis:

• Stuffy nose
• Thick, colored drainage in the nose
• Drainage down the back of the throat (postnasal drip)
• Headache
• Cough
• Pain or soreness over sinuses
• Fever
• Loss of smell

The symptoms of sinusitis can seem like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

A sinus infection sometimes happens after an upper respiratory infection or common cold. The cold causes swelling that can block the opening of the sinuses. This can cause a sinus infection. Allergies can also lead to sinusitis because of swelling and increased mucus. Other possible conditions that can lead to sinusitis include:

• Abnormal shape of the nose
• Infection from a tooth
• Nose injury
• Foreign object in the nose
• Birth defect with abnormality of the roof of the mouth (cleft palate)
• Problem with stomach acids (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD)

• Cystic fibrosis and immunodeficiency syndromes

Immune problems or antibody deficiencies are risks for chronic sinus conditions.

The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. He or she will give your child a physical exam. Your child may also have tests, such as:

• Sinus X-rays. An X-ray exam of the sinuses may help with the diagnosis.
• CT scan of the sinuses. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body. They are more detailed than X-rays.
• Cultures from the sinuses. A swab of discharge from the nose may be taken. The sample is checked for bacteria or other germs.

Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.

In very rare cases, acute sinusitis can result in a brain infection.

There are things that can help your child prevent sinusitis. They include:

• Have your child use saline sprays, washes, or both. Use these often to keep the nose as moist as possible.
• Use a humidifier in dry indoor environments.
• Keep your child away from cigarette and cigar smoke.
• Keep your child away from things that cause allergy symptoms.
• Don't force water into the sinuses. For example, your child should not jump into water.
• Limit time in chlorinated pools. The chlorine can irritate the nose and sinuses.
• Practice good hand hygiene.
• Keep you and your child up to date with immunizations.
• Don't have close contact with people who have colds or others upper respiratory infections.

• Sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses.
• When discharge from the nose is blocked, bacteria may start to grow. This leads to a sinus infection or sinusitis.
• Acute sinusitis may get better on its own. But if it doesn’t, medicine can be prescribed.
• For chronic sinusitis, the healthcare provider may refer your child to an ear, nose, and throat doctor (ENT) for testing and treatment.
• To help prevent sinusitis, have your child use saline sprays or washes to keep the noise moist. Use a humidifier in dry inside areas.

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.